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devised by art

  • 1 τεχνάομαι

    τεχν-άομαι, [tense] fut. - ήσομαι: [tense] aor. ἐτεχνησάμην, [dialect] Ep. τεχν-: [tense] pf. τετέχνημαι, [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl. τετεχνέαται cj. in Hp.VM22:—
    A make by art, execute skilfully, Od.5.259, 11.613 (for μὴ.. μηδ', cf. οὐ c); πολλὰ τ. practise many arts, X.Cyr.8.2.5.
    II contrive or execute cunningly,

    ταῦτα δ' ἐγὼν.. τεχνήσομαι Il.23.415

    , etc.;

    χερσὶν ἁτεχνησάμην S.Tr. 534

    , cf. 928;

    τῶν μηδὲν ὀρθῶς.. τεχνωμένων Id.Ant. 494

    ;

    τ. κακά Id.Ph.80

    ;

    πόλεμος ἀφ' αὑτοῦ τὰ πολλὰ τεχνᾶται πρὸς τὸ παρατυγχάνον Th.1.122

    : abs., γένοιτο μέντἂν πᾶν θεοῦ τεχνωμένου if God contrives, S.Aj.86, cf. E.Med. 369, 382, 402, Ar.V. 176: c. inf., contrive how to do, Th.4.26; so also, followed by a clause, contrive or devise means for doing,

    τεχνήσομαι ὥς κε γένηται παῖς ἐμός h.Ap. 326

    ;

    τ. τί ἂν φάγοι X.Ages.9.3

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τεχνάομαι

  • 2 esbozo

    m.
    sketch, outline.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: esbozar.
    * * *
    1 sketch, outline, rough draft
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Arte) sketch
    2) [de plan] outline
    * * *
    a) (Art) sketch
    b) ( de proyecto) outline, rough draft
    c) ( de sonrisa) hint
    * * *
    = outline, sketch, adumbration, rough sketch, rough draft.
    Ex. It may be helpful to begin with a careful reading of the definitions before attempting to deal with the outline.
    Ex. A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex. The article ' adumbrations on the information support centre' suggests that each type of library must examine the functions, circumstances, and needs of its particular clientele.
    Ex. Intelligent software that brings rough sketches to life in a virtual world is promising to revolutionise the way children learn and to help engineers.
    Ex. This paper describes the program devised to extract references from the OCLC data base and generate bibliographies in rough draft form.
    * * *
    a) (Art) sketch
    b) ( de proyecto) outline, rough draft
    c) ( de sonrisa) hint
    * * *
    = outline, sketch, adumbration, rough sketch, rough draft.

    Ex: It may be helpful to begin with a careful reading of the definitions before attempting to deal with the outline.

    Ex: A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex: The article ' adumbrations on the information support centre' suggests that each type of library must examine the functions, circumstances, and needs of its particular clientele.
    Ex: Intelligent software that brings rough sketches to life in a virtual world is promising to revolutionise the way children learn and to help engineers.
    Ex: This paper describes the program devised to extract references from the OCLC data base and generate bibliographies in rough draft form.

    * * *
    1 ( Art) sketch
    2 (de un proyecto) outline, rough draft
    * * *

    Del verbo esbozar: ( conjugate esbozar)

    esbozo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    esbozó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    esbozar    
    esbozo
    esbozar ( conjugate esbozar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ figura› to sketch

    b) ‹idea/tema› to outline

    esbozo sustantivo masculino
    a) (Art) sketch


    esbozar verbo intransitivo
    1 (un proyecto, un dibujo) to sketch, outline
    2 (amagar un gesto) to hint, give a hint of: esbozó un saludo, he gave a hint of a wave
    esbozo sustantivo masculino sketch, outline, rough draft
    ' esbozo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    esbozar
    English:
    outline
    - sketch
    - manage
    - profile
    * * *
    esbozo nm
    1. [de dibujo, plano] sketch, outline
    2. [de directrices, tema, plan] outline
    3. [de gesto, sonrisa] hint
    * * *
    m sketch; de idea, proyecto etc outline
    * * *
    esbozo nm
    1) : sketch
    2) : rough draft

    Spanish-English dictionary > esbozo

  • 3 cortar

    v.
    1 to cut.
    cortar una rebanada de pan to cut a slice of bread
    corta la tarta en cinco partes divide the cake in five, cut the cake into five slices
    cortarle el pelo a alguien to cut somebody's hair
    Ella corta las ramas del rosal She cuts the rosebush branches.
    2 to cut out (recortar) (tela, figura de papel).
    3 to crack, to chap (labios, piel).
    4 to slice through (hender) (aire, olas).
    El carnicero cortó los filetes The butcher sliced the fillets.
    5 to cut (baraja).
    6 to curdle (leche).
    7 to cut off (interrumpir) (retirada, luz, teléfono).
    cortar el tráfico to close the road to traffic
    estas tijeras no cortan these scissors don't cut (properly)
    10 to take a short cut.
    11 to split up.
    corté con mi novio I've split up with my boyfriend
    12 to cut short, to cut, to cut off.
    Ella cortó a Ricardo rápidamente She cut Richard short quickly.
    13 to chop, to cut up, to cut out, to cut.
    Ella corta madera para el fuego She chops wood for the fire.
    14 to ablate, to amputate, to curtail.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to cut
    2 (pelo) to cut, trim
    3 (árbol) to cut down
    4 (carne) to carve
    5 (pastel) to cut up
    6 (cabeza, teléfono, gas) to cut off
    7 (mayonesa, leche) to curdle
    8 (piel) to chap, crack
    9 (viento, frío) to chill, bite
    10 COSTURA to cut out
    11 (interrumpir) to cut off, interrupt
    12 (bloquear) to block
    13 (suprimir) to cut out
    14 figurado (separar) to divide, split, cut
    1 to cut
    1 to cut
    2 (herirse) to cut, cut oneself
    3 (el pelo - por otro) to have one's hair cut; (- uno mismo) to cut one's hair
    ■ ¿te has cortado el pelo? have you had your hair cut?
    4 (piel) to become chapped
    5 (leche) to go off, curdle; (mayonesa) to curdle
    6 (comunicación) to be cut off
    7 familiar (aturdirse) to get embarrassed, get tongue-tied, go all shy
    \
    ¡corta el rollo! knock it off!
    cortar con alguien familiar to split up with somebody
    cortar el apetito to ruin one's appetite
    cortar el bacalao familiar to be the boss
    cortar en seco figurado to cut short
    cortar la digestión to give one indigestion, upset one's stomach
    cortar la palabra to interrupt
    cortar por la mitad to split down the middle
    cortar por lo sano familiar to take drastic measures
    * * *
    verb
    3) chop
    4) trim
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [con algo afilado] [gen] to cut; [en trozos] to chop; [en rebanadas] to slice

    ¿quién te ha cortado el pelo? — who cut your hair?

    corta el apio en trozos — cut o chop the celery into pieces

    2) (=partir) [+ árbol] to cut down; [+ madera] to saw
    3) (=dividir) to cut

    la línea corta el círculo en dos — the line cuts o divides the circle in two

    4) (=interrumpir)
    a) [+ comunicaciones, agua, corriente] to cut off; [+ carretera, puente] (=cerrar) to close; (=bloquear) to block
    b) [+ relaciones] to break off; [+ discurso, conversación] to cut short
    5) (=suprimir) to cut
    6) [frío] to chap, crack
    7) (Dep) [+ balón] to slice
    8) [+ baraja] to cut
    9) * [+ droga] to cut *
    2. VI
    1) (=estar afilado) to cut
    sano 1)
    2) (Inform)

    "cortar y pegar" — "cut and paste"

    3) (Meteo)
    4) (=acortar)
    5)

    • cortar con (=terminar) —

    es absurdo cortar con tu tía por culpa de su marido — it's ridiculous to break off contact with your aunt because of her husband

    ha cortado con su novia — he's broken up with o finished with his girlfriend

    6)

    ¡corta! — * give us a break! *

    rollo 1., 5)
    7) (Naipes) to cut
    8) (Radio)

    ¡corto! — over!

    ¡corto y cierro! — over and out!

    9) LAm (Telec) to hang up
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( dividir) <cuerda/pastel> to cut, chop; < asado> to carve; <leña/madera> to chop; < baraja> to cut; <aire/agua> (liter) to slice o cut through

    cortar algo en rodajas/en cuadritos — to slice/dice something

    ¿en cuántas partes lo corto? — how many slices (o pieces etc) shall I cut it into?

    2) (quitar, separar) <rama/punta/pierna> to cut off; < árbol> to cut down, chop down; < flores> (CS) to pick

    cortarle la cabeza a alguien — to chop off o cut off somebody's head

    3) ( hacer más corto) <pelo/uñas> to cut; <césped/pasto> to mow; < seto> to cut; < rosal> to cut back; < texto> to cut down
    4)
    a) ( en costura) <falda/vestido> to cut out
    b) ( recortar) <anuncio/receta/muñeca de papel> to cut out
    a) <agua/gas/luz/comunicación> to cut off; <película/programa> to interrupt

    cortarla — (Chi fam)

    córtala con eso — OK, cut it out, now (colloq)

    b) < retirada> to cut off
    c) < calle> policía/obreros to close, block off; manifestantes to block
    d) < relaciones diplomáticas> to break off; <subvenciones/ayuda> to cut off
    6) < fiebre> to bring down; < hemorragia> to stop, stem
    7) < persona> ( en conversación) to interrupt
    8) (censurar, editar) < película> to cut; <escena/diálogo> to cut, to cut out
    9) <recta/plano> to cross
    10)
    a) <heroína/cocaína> to adulterate, cut (colloq)
    b) < leche> to curdle
    11) frío

    el frío me cortó los labios — my lips were chapped o cracked from the cold weather

    12) (RPl) < dientes> to cut
    2.
    cortar vi
    1) cuchillo/tijeras to cut
    2)
    a) ( por radio)

    corto y fuera or corto y cierro — over and out

    b) (Cin)
    c) (CS) ( por teléfono) to hang up
    3) ( terminar)
    a) novios to break up, split up
    b)

    cortar con algo — <con pasado/raíces> to break with something

    4) ( en naipes) to cut
    5) ( en costura) to cut out

    cortar por algo: cortemos por el bosque/la plaza let's cut through the woods/across the square; cortaron por el atajo — they took the shortcut

    7) (Chi fam) (ir, dirigirse)

    no sabía para dónde cortar — (Chi fam) I/he didn't know which way to turn (colloq)

    3.
    cortarse v pron
    1) ( interrumpirse) proyección/película to stop; llamada/gas to get cut off
    2) (refl)
    a) ( hacerse un corte) to cut oneself; <dedo/brazo/cara> to cut
    b) piel/labios (+ me/te/le etc) to crack, become chapped
    3)
    a) (refl) <uñas/pelo> to cut
    b) (caus) < pelo> to have... cut
    4) (recípr) líneas/calles to cross
    5) leche/mayonesa to curdle
    6) (Chi, Esp) persona (turbarse, aturdirse) to get embarrassed
    7) (Chi fam) animal to collapse from exhaustion
    * * *
    = cut off, crop, trim, slash, chop off, clip, dam (up), sever, intersect, chop down, shut off, chop up, cut down, fell, shear, trim off, cut + Nombre + up, split, shear off, snip, hew, cut up into + strips.
    Ex. The spine folds of the assembled sheets were simply cut off, separating all the leaves, which were then attached to each other and to a backing strip by a coating of rubber solution, and cased in the ordinary way.
    Ex. In addition, many of photographs are badly cropped, with the tops of heads, towers, and artworks lopped off.
    Ex. The edges of the leaves may have been trimmed smooth by the binder, or left rough (uncut).
    Ex. Finally, a few copies of an edition seem generally to have slipped through with their cancellanda uncancelled, so that examples of the original settings may sometimes be found (occasionally slashed by the warehouse keeper's shears, deliberate defacement which escaped notice).
    Ex. Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex. Some libraries frequently subscribe to specific newspapers in duplicate in order to clip articles and illustrations of interest for particular subject files.
    Ex. But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.
    Ex. This art is is mass produced, often mechanically, and thus severed from tradition.
    Ex. Contingency plans can be devised to intersect at several points on this time continuum.
    Ex. Microform catalogs take up less room and are more sound ecologically since you don't have to chop down half of Canada everytime you make a large catalog = Los catálogos de microformas ocupan menos espacio y son más acertados desde un punto de vista ecológico ya que no tienes que talar la mitad de Canadá cada vez que hagas un catálogo grande.
    Ex. Advanced design sprinklers shut off water when the fire is out, reducing the risk of water damage.
    Ex. The writer bemoans record studios' tendency to chop up and fiddle with opera performances.
    Ex. A subsequent owner cut down most of the surrounding woodland and the garden was largely lost.
    Ex. In this study, thirty-four-year-old chestnut trees were felled, measured and weighed to evaluate their aboveground biomass.
    Ex. All the activity on a sheep station was directed to one end: shearing the sheep and sending the wool away to the city.
    Ex. If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.
    Ex. They tortured her into revealing her Pin number and safe code before cutting her up and disposing of her in bin liners.
    Ex. In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.
    Ex. Working at the lumberyard pushing a tree through the buzz saw he accidentally sheared off all ten of his fingers.
    Ex. It's perfect for dead heading dense flowering plant without accidentally snipping the neighboring blooms.
    Ex. Oak was shaped by splitting with wooden wedges, and by hewing with axes or adzes.
    Ex. Cut up the leftovers into strips, stick on skewers and finish quickly on the grill.
    ----
    * abrir cortando = lance.
    * ¡corta el rollo! = put a sock in it!.
    * cortar Algo = snip + Nombre + off.
    * cortar Algo como si fuera mantequilla = cut through + Nombre + like a (hot) knife through butter.
    * cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud.
    * cortar a tajos = hack.
    * cortar con barricadas = barricade.
    * cortar con motoguadaña = strim.
    * cortar con una sierra = saw.
    * cortar, cortar con tijeras = snip.
    * cortar el agua = cut off + the water.
    * cortar el bacalao = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * cortar el césped = mow + the lawn, mow.
    * cortar el cuello = decapitate.
    * cortar el rollo = cut to + the chase.
    * cortar en lonchas = slice.
    * cortar en pedacitos = cut up into + small pieces.
    * cortar en pedazos = cut + Nombre + up.
    * cortar en rebanadas = slice.
    * cortar en rodajas = slice.
    * cortar en tajos = hack.
    * cortar en tiras = shred, cut up into + strips.
    * cortar en trocitos = dice.
    * cortar en trozos = cut + Nombre + up.
    * cortar la cabeza = behead.
    * cortar la hierba = mow.
    * cortar las flores marchitas = deadhead.
    * cortarle las alas a Alguien = clip + Posesivo + wings.
    * cortarle los vuelos a Alguien = clip + Posesivo + wings.
    * cortar llegando al hueso = cut to + the bone.
    * cortar metal = shear.
    * cortar perpendicularmente a la veta de crecimiento = cut + across the grain.
    * cortar por = cut across.
    * cortar por lo sano = cut + Gordian knot, cut + Posesivo + losses.
    * cortar radicalmente con = make + a clean break with.
    * cortarse = nick + Reflexivo.
    * cortar un nudo gordiano = cut + Gordian knot.
    * cortar y pegar = cut-and-paste.
    * cortar y secar = cut and dry.
    * máquina de cortar en rebanadas = slicer.
    * sin cortar = uncut.
    * utensilio para cortar = cutting tool.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( dividir) <cuerda/pastel> to cut, chop; < asado> to carve; <leña/madera> to chop; < baraja> to cut; <aire/agua> (liter) to slice o cut through

    cortar algo en rodajas/en cuadritos — to slice/dice something

    ¿en cuántas partes lo corto? — how many slices (o pieces etc) shall I cut it into?

    2) (quitar, separar) <rama/punta/pierna> to cut off; < árbol> to cut down, chop down; < flores> (CS) to pick

    cortarle la cabeza a alguien — to chop off o cut off somebody's head

    3) ( hacer más corto) <pelo/uñas> to cut; <césped/pasto> to mow; < seto> to cut; < rosal> to cut back; < texto> to cut down
    4)
    a) ( en costura) <falda/vestido> to cut out
    b) ( recortar) <anuncio/receta/muñeca de papel> to cut out
    a) <agua/gas/luz/comunicación> to cut off; <película/programa> to interrupt

    cortarla — (Chi fam)

    córtala con eso — OK, cut it out, now (colloq)

    b) < retirada> to cut off
    c) < calle> policía/obreros to close, block off; manifestantes to block
    d) < relaciones diplomáticas> to break off; <subvenciones/ayuda> to cut off
    6) < fiebre> to bring down; < hemorragia> to stop, stem
    7) < persona> ( en conversación) to interrupt
    8) (censurar, editar) < película> to cut; <escena/diálogo> to cut, to cut out
    9) <recta/plano> to cross
    10)
    a) <heroína/cocaína> to adulterate, cut (colloq)
    b) < leche> to curdle
    11) frío

    el frío me cortó los labios — my lips were chapped o cracked from the cold weather

    12) (RPl) < dientes> to cut
    2.
    cortar vi
    1) cuchillo/tijeras to cut
    2)
    a) ( por radio)

    corto y fuera or corto y cierro — over and out

    b) (Cin)
    c) (CS) ( por teléfono) to hang up
    3) ( terminar)
    a) novios to break up, split up
    b)

    cortar con algo — <con pasado/raíces> to break with something

    4) ( en naipes) to cut
    5) ( en costura) to cut out

    cortar por algo: cortemos por el bosque/la plaza let's cut through the woods/across the square; cortaron por el atajo — they took the shortcut

    7) (Chi fam) (ir, dirigirse)

    no sabía para dónde cortar — (Chi fam) I/he didn't know which way to turn (colloq)

    3.
    cortarse v pron
    1) ( interrumpirse) proyección/película to stop; llamada/gas to get cut off
    2) (refl)
    a) ( hacerse un corte) to cut oneself; <dedo/brazo/cara> to cut
    b) piel/labios (+ me/te/le etc) to crack, become chapped
    3)
    a) (refl) <uñas/pelo> to cut
    b) (caus) < pelo> to have... cut
    4) (recípr) líneas/calles to cross
    5) leche/mayonesa to curdle
    6) (Chi, Esp) persona (turbarse, aturdirse) to get embarrassed
    7) (Chi fam) animal to collapse from exhaustion
    * * *
    = cut off, crop, trim, slash, chop off, clip, dam (up), sever, intersect, chop down, shut off, chop up, cut down, fell, shear, trim off, cut + Nombre + up, split, shear off, snip, hew, cut up into + strips.

    Ex: The spine folds of the assembled sheets were simply cut off, separating all the leaves, which were then attached to each other and to a backing strip by a coating of rubber solution, and cased in the ordinary way.

    Ex: In addition, many of photographs are badly cropped, with the tops of heads, towers, and artworks lopped off.
    Ex: The edges of the leaves may have been trimmed smooth by the binder, or left rough (uncut).
    Ex: Finally, a few copies of an edition seem generally to have slipped through with their cancellanda uncancelled, so that examples of the original settings may sometimes be found (occasionally slashed by the warehouse keeper's shears, deliberate defacement which escaped notice).
    Ex: Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex: Some libraries frequently subscribe to specific newspapers in duplicate in order to clip articles and illustrations of interest for particular subject files.
    Ex: But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.
    Ex: This art is is mass produced, often mechanically, and thus severed from tradition.
    Ex: Contingency plans can be devised to intersect at several points on this time continuum.
    Ex: Microform catalogs take up less room and are more sound ecologically since you don't have to chop down half of Canada everytime you make a large catalog = Los catálogos de microformas ocupan menos espacio y son más acertados desde un punto de vista ecológico ya que no tienes que talar la mitad de Canadá cada vez que hagas un catálogo grande.
    Ex: Advanced design sprinklers shut off water when the fire is out, reducing the risk of water damage.
    Ex: The writer bemoans record studios' tendency to chop up and fiddle with opera performances.
    Ex: A subsequent owner cut down most of the surrounding woodland and the garden was largely lost.
    Ex: In this study, thirty-four-year-old chestnut trees were felled, measured and weighed to evaluate their aboveground biomass.
    Ex: All the activity on a sheep station was directed to one end: shearing the sheep and sending the wool away to the city.
    Ex: If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.
    Ex: They tortured her into revealing her Pin number and safe code before cutting her up and disposing of her in bin liners.
    Ex: In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.
    Ex: Working at the lumberyard pushing a tree through the buzz saw he accidentally sheared off all ten of his fingers.
    Ex: It's perfect for dead heading dense flowering plant without accidentally snipping the neighboring blooms.
    Ex: Oak was shaped by splitting with wooden wedges, and by hewing with axes or adzes.
    Ex: Cut up the leftovers into strips, stick on skewers and finish quickly on the grill.
    * abrir cortando = lance.
    * ¡corta el rollo! = put a sock in it!.
    * cortar Algo = snip + Nombre + off.
    * cortar Algo como si fuera mantequilla = cut through + Nombre + like a (hot) knife through butter.
    * cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud.
    * cortar a tajos = hack.
    * cortar con barricadas = barricade.
    * cortar con motoguadaña = strim.
    * cortar con una sierra = saw.
    * cortar, cortar con tijeras = snip.
    * cortar el agua = cut off + the water.
    * cortar el bacalao = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * cortar el césped = mow + the lawn, mow.
    * cortar el cuello = decapitate.
    * cortar el rollo = cut to + the chase.
    * cortar en lonchas = slice.
    * cortar en pedacitos = cut up into + small pieces.
    * cortar en pedazos = cut + Nombre + up.
    * cortar en rebanadas = slice.
    * cortar en rodajas = slice.
    * cortar en tajos = hack.
    * cortar en tiras = shred, cut up into + strips.
    * cortar en trocitos = dice.
    * cortar en trozos = cut + Nombre + up.
    * cortar la cabeza = behead.
    * cortar la hierba = mow.
    * cortar las flores marchitas = deadhead.
    * cortarle las alas a Alguien = clip + Posesivo + wings.
    * cortarle los vuelos a Alguien = clip + Posesivo + wings.
    * cortar llegando al hueso = cut to + the bone.
    * cortar metal = shear.
    * cortar perpendicularmente a la veta de crecimiento = cut + across the grain.
    * cortar por = cut across.
    * cortar por lo sano = cut + Gordian knot, cut + Posesivo + losses.
    * cortar radicalmente con = make + a clean break with.
    * cortarse = nick + Reflexivo.
    * cortar un nudo gordiano = cut + Gordian knot.
    * cortar y pegar = cut-and-paste.
    * cortar y secar = cut and dry.
    * máquina de cortar en rebanadas = slicer.
    * sin cortar = uncut.
    * utensilio para cortar = cutting tool.

    * * *
    cortar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹cuerda/tarta› to cut
    corta el cable aquí cut the wire here
    cortar por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line
    se pasa horas cortando papeles he spends hours cutting up pieces of paper
    cortó el pastel por la mitad he cut the cake in half o in two
    ¿en cuántas partes lo corto? how many slices ( o pieces etc) shall I cut it into?
    puedes ir cortando las zanahorias you could start chopping the carrots
    se cortan los pimientos por la mitad cut o slice the peppers into halves
    cortar algo en trozos to cut sth into pieces
    cortar algo en rodajas/en cuadritos to slice/dice sth
    este queso se corta muy bien this cheese cuts very easily
    cortar la carne en trozos pequeños chop o cut the meat (up) into small chunks
    2 ‹asado› to carve
    3 ‹leña/madera› to chop
    4 ‹baraja› to cut
    5 ( liter); ‹aire/agua› to slice o cut through
    B (quitar, separar)
    1 ‹rama/punta› to cut off; ‹pierna/brazo› to cut off; ‹árbol› to cut down, chop down; ‹flores› ( AmL) to pick
    córtame una puntita de pan cut me off a bit of bread, will you?
    me cortó un trozo de melón she cut me a piece of melon
    cortarles los tallos y poner a hervir cut off o remove the stalks and boil
    la máquina le cortó un dedo the machine took off his finger, his finger got cut off in the machine
    cortarle la cabeza a algn to chop off o cut off sb's head
    2 ‹anuncio/receta› to cut out
    le cortó el pelo/las uñas he cut her hair/nails
    cortar el césped to mow the lawn, cut the grass
    hay que cortar los rosales the rose bushes need cutting back o pruning
    D
    «viento»: hacía un viento que me cortaba la cara there was a biting wind blowing in my face o ( liter) lashing my face
    E (en costura) ‹falda/vestido› to cut out
    F
    1 ‹agua/gas/luz› to cut off; ‹comunicación› to cut off
    le cortaron el teléfono his phone was cut off
    corta la electricidad antes de tocarlo switch off the electricity before you touch it
    siempre cortan la película en lo más interesante they always interrupt the movie at the most exciting moment
    cortarla ( Chi fam): córtala con eso OK, cut it out, now ( colloq)
    córtenla de hacer ruido cut out the noise, will you? ( colloq)
    2 ‹calle› (por obras) to close
    los manifestantes cortaron la carretera the demonstrators blocked the road
    la policía cortó la calle the police blocked off o closed the street
    3 ‹retirada› to cut off
    han cortado el tráfico en la zona they've closed the area to traffic
    la policía nos cortó el paso the police cut us off
    4 ‹relaciones diplomáticas› to break off; ‹subvenciones/ayuda› to cut off
    G ‹fiebre› to bring down; ‹resfriado› to cure, get rid of; ‹hemorragia› to stop, stem
    H ‹persona› (en una conversación) to interrupt
    me cortó en seco he cut me short, he cut me off sharply
    I ‹película› to cut, edit; ‹escena/diálogo› to cut out, edit out
    J ‹recta/plano› to cross
    la Avenida Santa Fe corta el Paseo de Gracia the Avenida Santa Fe crosses the Paseo de Gracia
    K
    1 ‹heroína/cocaína› to adulterate, cut ( colloq)
    2 ‹vermut› to add water ( o lemon etc) to
    3 ‹leche› to curdle
    L ( RPl) ‹dientes› to cut
    está cortando los dientes he's cutting his teeth, he's teething
    M
    ( Chi) ‹animal› cortó al caballo de tanto galopar he rode the horse so hard that it collapsed
    ■ cortar
    vi
    A «cuchillo/tijeras» to cut
    este cuchillo no corta this knife doesn't cut o is blunt
    B
    1
    (por radio): corto y cambio over
    corto y fuera or corto y cierro over and out
    2 ( Cin):
    ¡corten! cut!
    3 (CS) (por teléfono) to hang up
    no me cortes don't hang up on me, don't put the phone down on me
    1 «novios» to break up, split up
    ha cortado con el novio she's broken o split up with her boyfriend
    2 cortar CON algo to break WITH sth
    decidió cortar con el pasado she decided to break with o make a break with the past
    D (en naipes) to cut
    E (en costura) to cut out
    F (acortar camino) cortar POR algo:
    cortemos por el bosque/la plaza let's cut through the woods/across the square, let's take a short cut through the woods/across the square
    cortaron por el atajo they took the shortcut
    G
    ( Chi fam) (ir, dirigirse): cortaron para la ciudad they headed for o made for the city
    no sabía para dónde cortar ( Chi fam); I/he didn't know which way to turn ( colloq)
    A (interrumpirse) «proyección/película» to stop; «llamada/gas» to get cut off
    se cortó la línea or comunicación I got cut off
    se ha cortado la luz there's been a power cut
    no te metas en el agua ahora, que se te va a cortar la digestión don't go in the water yet, it's bad for the digestion/you'll get stomach cramp
    casi se me corta la respiración del susto I was so frightened I could hardly breathe
    B ( refl) (hacerse un corte) to cut oneself; ‹dedo/brazo/cara› to cut
    iba descalza y me corté el pie I was barefoot shoes and I cut my foot
    se cortó afeitándose he cut himself shaving
    C
    1 ( refl) ‹uñas/pelo› to cut
    se corta el pelo ella misma she cuts her own hair
    se cortó una oreja he cut off his ear
    se cortó las venas he slashed his wrists
    2 ( caus) ‹pelo› to have … cut
    ¿cuándo vas a cortarte el pelo? when are you going to have a haircut o get your hair cut?
    D ( recípr) «líneas/calles» to cross
    E «leche» to go off, curdle; «mayonesa» to curdle
    F
    ( Esp) «persona» (turbarse, aturdirse): no le digas eso que se corta don't say that to her, she'll get all embarrassed
    se corta cuando se ve entre mucha gente he comes over o goes all shy when there are too many people around ( colloq)
    G ( Chi fam) «animal» to collapse from exhaustion
    me corto de hambre/sed I'm dying of hunger/thirst
    * * *

     

    cortar ( conjugate cortar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( dividir) ‹cuerda/pastel› to cut, chop;
    ‹ asado› to carve;
    ‹leña/madera› to chop;
    ‹ baraja› to cut;
    ◊ cortar algo por la mitad to cut sth in half o in two;

    cortar algo en rodajas/en cuadritos to slice/dice sth;
    cortar algo en trozos to cut sth into pieces
    2 (quitar, separar) ‹rama/punta/pierna› to cut off;
    ‹ árbol› to cut down, chop down;
    ‹ flores› (CS) to pick;

    3 ( hacer más corto) ‹pelo/uñas› to cut;
    ‹césped/pasto› to mow;
    ‹ seto› to cut;
    ‹ rosal› to cut back;
    ‹ texto› to cut down
    4 ( en costura) ‹falda/vestido› to cut out
    5 ( interrumpir)
    a) ‹agua/gas/luz/teléfono› to cut off;

    ‹película/programa› to interrupt
    b) ‹ calle› [policía/obreros] to close, block off;

    [ manifestantes] to block;

    6 (censurar, editar) ‹ película› to cut;
    ‹escena/diálogo› to cut (out)
    7 [ frío]:
    ◊ el frío me cortó los labios my lips were chapped o cracked from the cold weather

    verbo intransitivo
    1 [cuchillo/tijeras] to cut
    2
    a) (Cin):

    ◊ ¡corten! cut!




    cortarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( interrumpirse) [proyección/película] to stop;
    [llamada/gas] to get cut off;

    se me cortó la respiración I could hardly breathe
    2

    ‹brazo/cara› to cut;

    b) ( refl) ‹uñas/pelo› to cut;


    c) ( caus) ‹ pelo› to have … cut;


    d) [piel/labios] to crack, become chapped

    3 ( cruzarse) [líneas/calles] to cross
    4 [ leche] to curdle;
    [mayonesa/salsa] to separate
    5 (Chi, Esp) [ persona] (turbarse, aturdirse) to get embarrassed
    cortar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to cut
    (un árbol) to cut down
    (el césped) to mow
    2 (amputar) to cut off
    3 (la luz, el teléfono) to cut off
    4 (impedir el paso) to block
    5 (eliminar, censurar) to cut out
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (partir) to cut
    2 (atajar) to cut across, to take a short cut
    3 familiar (interrumpir una relación) to split up: cortó con su novia, he split up with his girlfriend
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cortar por lo sano, to put an end to
    ' cortar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bacalao
    - colgar
    - desconectar
    - lámina
    - ligadura
    - pelar
    - pinchar
    - ras
    - sana
    - sano
    - seccionar
    - sesgar
    - despedazar
    - largo
    - mitad
    - plantilla
    - servir
    - tijeras
    - trozo
    English:
    bar
    - begin
    - block off
    - blunt
    - board
    - breadboard
    - chop
    - chop off
    - chop up
    - clip
    - consent
    - cramp
    - cut
    - cut off
    - cut up
    - dice
    - disconnect
    - edit
    - fillet
    - hack
    - hair-clippers
    - lop off
    - mow
    - nick
    - nip
    - pick
    - rot
    - sever
    - shear
    - shred
    - shut off
    - slice
    - slice through
    - slice up
    - slit
    - snip
    - take off
    - bite
    - block
    - bread
    - break
    - carve
    - clippers
    - crop
    - dock
    - gash
    - hang
    - lawnmower
    - lop
    - loss
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [seccionar] to cut;
    [en pedazos] to cut up; [escindir] [rama, brazo, cabeza] to cut off; [talar] to cut down;
    cortar el césped to mow the lawn, to cut the grass;
    hay que cortar leña para el hogar we have to chop some firewood for the hearth;
    siempre corta el pavo he always carves the turkey;
    cortar una rebanada de pan to cut a slice of bread;
    cortar el pan a rodajas to slice the bread, to cut the bread into slices;
    cortar algo en pedazos to cut sth into pieces;
    corta la tarta en cinco partes divide the cake in five, cut the cake into five slices;
    corta esta cuerda por la mitad cut this string in half;
    corta la cebolla muy fina chop the onion very finely;
    le cortaron la cabeza they chopped her head off;
    le cortaron dos dedos porque se le habían gangrenado they amputated o removed two of his fingers that had gone gangrenous;
    cortarle el pelo a alguien to cut sb's hair
    2. [recortar] [tela, figura de papel] to cut out;
    [gastos] to cut back
    3. [interrumpir] [retirada, luz, teléfono] to cut off;
    [carretera] to close; [hemorragia] to stop, to staunch; [discurso, conversación] to interrupt; Dep [pase, tiro] to block;
    cortar la luz to cut off the electricity supply;
    nos han cortado el teléfono our telephone has been cut off o disconnected;
    la nieve nos cortó el paso we were cut off by the snow;
    cortaron el tráfico para que pasara el desfile they closed the road to traffic so the procession could pass by;
    la falta cortó el ataque del equipo visitante the foul stopped the away team's attack;
    cortada por obras [en letrero] road closed for repairs;
    en esta cadena de televisión no cortan las películas con anuncios on this television channel they don't interrupt the films with adverts;
    CSur Fam
    ¡cortála! shut it!, shut up!
    4. [atravesar] [recta] to cross, to intersect;
    [calle, territorio] to cut across;
    el río corta la región de este a oeste the river runs right across o bisects the region from east to west
    5. [labios, piel] to crack, to chap
    6. Fam [droga] to cut
    7. [baraja] to cut
    8. [leche] to curdle;
    el calor corta la mayonesa heat makes mayonnaise spoil o Br go off
    9. [película] [escena] to cut;
    [censurar] to censor
    10. [poner fin a] [beca] to cut;
    [relaciones diplomáticas] to break off; [abusos] to put a stop to;
    cortar un problema de raíz [impedirlo] to nip a problem in the bud;
    [erradicarlo] to root a problem out;
    cortar algo por lo sano: tenemos que cortar este comportamiento por lo sano we must take drastic measures to put an end to this behaviour
    11. Fam [avergonzar]
    este hombre me corta un poco I find it hard to be myself when that man's around
    12. RP [comunicación]
    me cortó en mitad de la frase she hung up on me when I was in mid-sentence
    13. Informát to cut;
    cortar y pegar cut and paste
    ♦ vi
    1. [producir un corte] to cut;
    estas tijeras no cortan these scissors don't cut (properly);
    corte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line;
    cortar por lo sano [aplicar una solución drástica] to resort to drastic measures;
    decidió cortar por lo sano con su pasado she decided to make a clean break with her past
    2. [atajar] to take a short cut ( por through);
    corté por el camino del bosque I took a short cut through the forest
    3. [terminar una relación] to split up ( con with);
    corté con mi novio I've split up with my boyfriend
    4. [terminar una acción] Cine
    ¡corten! cut!;
    Rad
    ¡corto y cambio! over!;
    ¡corto y cierro! over and out!
    5. [en juego de cartas] to cut
    6. [ser muy intenso]
    hace un frío que corta it's bitterly cold
    7. RP [hablando por teléfono] to hang up, to put the phone down;
    no corte, por favor hold the line, please
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 cut; electricidad cut off
    2 calle close
    3
    :
    cortar la respiración fig take one’s breath away
    II v/i cut;
    cortar con alguien split up with s.o.
    * * *
    cortar vt
    1) : to cut, to slice, to trim
    2) : to cut out, to omit
    3) : to cut off, to interrupt
    4) : to block, to close off
    5) : to curdle (milk)
    cortar vi
    1) : to cut
    2) : to break up
    3) : to hang up (the telephone)
    * * *
    cortar vb
    1. (en general) to cut [pt. & pp. cut]
    ten cuidado con la lata, que corta be careful with the tin it's sharp
    2. (agua, luz, teléfono) to cut off
    3. (calle, carretera) to close

    Spanish-English dictionary > cortar

  • 4 Root, Elisha King

    [br]
    b. 10 May 1808 Ludlow, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 31 August 1865 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    After an elementary education, Elisha K.Root was apprenticed as a machinist and worked in that occupation at Ware and Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. In 1832 he went to Collinsville, Connecticut, to join the Collins Company, manufacturers of axes. He started as a lathe hand but soon became Foreman and, in 1845, Superintendent. While with the company, he devised and patented special-purpose machinery for forming axes which transformed the establishment from a primitive workshop to a modern factory.
    In 1849 Root was offered positions by four different manufacturers and accepted the post of Superintendent of the armoury then being planned at Hartford, Connecticut, by Samuel Colt for the manufacture of his revolver pistol, which he had invented in 1835. Initial acceptance of the revolver was slow, but by the mid1840s Colt had received sufficient orders to justify the establishment of a new factory and Root was engaged to design and install the machinery. The principle of interchangeable manufacture was adopted, and Root devised special machines for boring, rifling, making cartridges, etc., and a system of jigs, fixtures, tools and gauges. One of these special machines was a drop hammer that he invented and patented in 1853 and which established the art of die-forging on a modern basis. He was also associated with F.A. Pratt in the design of the "Lincoln" milling machine in 1855.
    When Colt died in 1862, Root became President of the company and continued in that capacity until his own death. It was said that he was one of the ablest and most highly paid mechanics from New England and that he was largely responsible for the success of both the Collins and the Colt companies.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes Root's work at the Colt Armory).
    Paul Uselding, 1974, "Elisha K.Root, Forging, and the “American System”", "Elisha K.Root, forging, and the “American System”", Technology and Culture 15:543–68 (provides further biographical details, his work with the Collins Company and a list of his patents).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Root, Elisha King

  • 5 Talbot, William Henry Fox

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1800 Melbury, England
    d. 17 September 1877 Lacock, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English scientist, inventor of negative—positive photography and practicable photo engraving.
    [br]
    Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.
    Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.
    Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.
    Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS March 1831. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1842. Grand Médaille d'Honneur, L'Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855. Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Edinburgh University, 1863.
    Bibliography
    1839, "Some account of the art of photographic drawing", Royal Society Proceedings 4:120–1; Phil. Mag., XIV, 1839, pp. 19–21.
    8 February 1841, British patent no. 8842 (calotype process).
    1844–6, The Pencil of Nature, 6 parts, London (Talbot'a account of his invention can be found in the introduction; there is a facsimile edn, with an intro. by Beamont Newhall, New York, 1968.
    Further Reading
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.
    D.B.Thomas, 1964, The First Negatives, London (a lucid concise account of Talbot's photograph work).
    J.Ward and S.Stevenson, 1986, Printed Light, Edinburgh (an essay on Talbot's invention and its reception).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1977, The History of Photography, London (a wider picture of Talbot, based primarily on secondary sources).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Talbot, William Henry Fox

  • 6 τεχνάζω

    A employ art, contrive,

    ὅπως.. Arist.EN 1140a11

    , cf. MM 1197a13.
    II use art or cunning, deal subtly, use subterfuges, Hdt. 3.130, 6.1; τί ταῦτα στρέφει τεχνάζεις τε; Ar.Ach. 385, cf. Ra. 957;

    τ. τε καὶ ψεύδεσθαι Pl.Hp.Mi. 371d

    , cf. Lg. 879a, etc.;

    τοὺς λαγὼς θηρῶντες πολλὰ τεχνάζουσιν X.Mem.3.11.7

    ; of the hare,

    τ. τῇ βαδίσει Id.Cyn.8.3

    : c. acc. cogn., τ. ἀάτην use art so as to deceive, Plu.Tim.10: c. inf., contrive cunningly that.., Arist.Pol. 1259a32, Plu.Alc.19.
    2 [voice] Med., [tense] aor. ἐτεχνασάμην, in same sense, Hdt.2.121. ά, Aen.Tact. 4.1;

    τεχνάζεσθαι ὅπως.. Plu.Caes.43

    .
    3 [voice] Pass., in [tense] pf. part., ἅμαξαι τετεχνασμέναι ὥσπερ οἰκήματα artificially contrived, Hp.Aër. 18; ἐπίνοια τετεχν. cunningly devised, Ps.-Luc.Philopatr.26:—[full] τεχνήσασθαι τὸ μετὰ τέχνης τι κατασκευάσαι, τεχνάσασθαι δὲ τὸ κακουργῆσαι Ps.-Hdn.Gr.post Moer.p.477 P.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τεχνάζω

  • 7 कर्ण _karṇa

    कर्ण a. Ved.
    1 Having long ears.
    -2 Furnished with chaff (as grain).
    -र्णः 1 The ear; अहो खलभुजङ्गस्य विपरीतवधक्रमः । कर्णे लगति चान्यस्य प्राणैरन्यो वियुज्यते ॥ Pt.1. 35, 34 also;
    -कर्णे दा to listen;
    कर्णमागम् to come to the ear, become known; तद्गुणैः कर्णमागत्य R.1.9;
    कर्णे कृ to put round the ear; Ch. P.1; कर्णे कथयति whis- pers in the ear; cf. षट्कर्ण, चतुष्कर्ण &c. also.
    -2 The handle or ear of a vessel; उभा कर्णा हिरण्यया Rv.8.72.12.
    -3 The helm or rudder of a ship; सेना भ्रमति संख्येषु हत- कर्णेव नौर्जले Rām.6.48.26.
    -4 The hypotenuse of a triangle.
    -5 The diameter of a circle; Sūrya.
    -6 An intermediate region or quarter (उपदिग्भाग); Mb.6. 6.1.
    -7 (In prosody) A spondee.
    -8 N. of a tree (Mar. बाहवा, रुइमांदार) Rām.5.56.34.
    -2 N. of a celebrated warrior on the side of the Kauravas mentioned in the Mahābhārata. भवान् भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च Bg.1.8;11.34. [He was the son of Kuntī begotten on her by the god Sun while she was yet a virgin residing at her father's house (see Kuntī). When the child was born, Kuntī, afraid of the censure of her relatives and also of public scandal, threw the boy into the river where he was found by Adhiratha, charioteer of Dhṛitrāṣṭra, and given over to his wife Rādhā, who brought him up like her own child; whence Karṇa is often called Sūtaputra, Rādheya &c. Karṇa, when grown up, was made king of Aṇga by Duryodhana, and became by virtue of his many generous acts a type of charity. On one occasion Indra (whose care it was to favour his son Arjuna) disguised himself as a Brāhmaṇa and cajoled him out of his divine armour and ear-rings, and gave him in return a charmed javelin. With a desire to make himself proficient in the science of war, he, calling himself a Brāhmaṇa went to Parasurāma and learnt that art from him. But his secret did not long remain concealed. On one occasion when Parasurāma had fallen asleep with his head resting on Karṇa's lap, a worm (supposed by some to be the form assumed by Indra himself to defeat Karṇa's object) began to eat into his lap and made a deep rent in it; but as Karṇa showed not the least sign of pain, his real character was discovered by his preceptor who cursed him that the art he had learnt would avail him not in times of need. On another occasion he was curse by a Brāhmaṇa (whose cow he had unwittingly slain in chase) that the earth would eat up the wheel of his chariot in the hour of trial. Even with such disadvan- tages as these, he acquitted himself most valiantly in the great war between the Paṇḍavas and Kauravas, while acting as generalissimo of the Kaurava forces after Bhīṣma and Droṇa had fallen. He maintained the field against the Paṇḍavas for three days, but on the last day he was slain by Arjuna while the wheel of his chariot had sunk down into the earth. Karṇa was the most intimate friend of Duryodhana, and with Śakuni joined him in all the various schemes and plots that were devised from time to time for the destruction of the Paṇ&dvas.]
    -Comp. -अञ्चलः (लम्) Ear-lobe; (Mātaṅga L.5.12.)
    -अञ्जलिः 1 The auditory passage of the outer ear.
    -2 The ears pricked up; आपीय कर्णाञ्जलिभिर्भवापहाम् Bhāg.3.13.5.
    -अनुजः Yudhiṣṭhira.
    -अन्तिक a. close to the ear; स्वनसि मृदु कर्णान्तिकचरः Ś.1.23.
    -अन्दुः, -न्दू f. an ornament for the ear, ear-ring.
    -अर्पणम् giving ear, listening.
    -आरा (= -वेधनी). -आस्फालः the flapping of the elephant's ears.
    -इन्दुः f. a semicircular ear-ring.
    -उत्तंसः an ear-ornament or merely an ornament (according to some authorities). (Mammaṭa says that here कर्ण means कर्णंस्थितत्व; cf. also his remark ad hoc:- कर्णावतंसादिपदे कर्णादिध्वनिनिर्मितः । सन्निधानार्थबोधार्थं स्थितेष्वेत- त्समर्थनम् ॥ K. P.7).
    -उपकर्णिका rumour; (lit. 'from ear to ear'). प्रागेव कर्णोपकर्णिकया श्रुतापवादक्षुभितहृदयः Pt.
    -ऊर्णः a kind of deer; कर्णोर्णैकपदं चास्मै निर्जुष्टं वृकनाभिभिः Bhāg.
    -कषायः Dirt in the ears; आपीयतां कर्णकषायशोषाननुक्रमिष्ये न इमान्सुपेशान् Bhāg.2.6.46.
    -कीटा, -टी 1 a worm with many feet and of a reddish colour,
    -2 a small centipede.
    -कुमारी N. of Bhavānī.
    -कूटः The tower at the corner of the roof; Māna.19.54-55.
    -क्ष्वेडः (in Medic.) a constant noise in the ear.
    -गूथम् ear- wax.
    (-थः) -गूथकः hardening of the wax of the ear.
    -गोचर a. audible.
    -ग्राहः a helmsman.
    -चूलिका f. An ear-ring; उत्कृत्तकर्णचूलिकेन मुखेन...... Svapna.2.
    -जप a. (also कर्णेजप) a secret traducer, talebearer, informer. कर्णेजपः सूचकः Mbh. on P.III.2.13.
    -जपः, -जापः slandering, tale-bearing, calumniating.
    -जलूका a small centipede. (also
    -जलौकस्, -जलौका)
    -जाहम् the root of the ear; cf. तस्य पाकमूले पील्वादिकर्णादिभ्यः कुणब्जाह चौ Pān. V.2.24. अपि कर्णजाहविनिवेशिताननः Māl.5.8.
    -जित् m. 'conqueror of Karṇa', epithet of Arjuna, the third Pāṇḍava prince.
    -ज्वरः pain to the ear; U.5.6.
    -तालः the flapping of the elephant's ears, the noise made by it; विस्तारितः कुञ्जरकर्ण- तालैः R.7.39,9.71; Śi.17.37.
    -दर्पणः an ear-ring.
    -दुन्दुभिः = कर्णकीटा.
    -धारः a helmsman, a pilot; अकर्णधारा जलधौ विप्लवेतेह नौरिव H.3.2; अविनयनदीकर्णधार- कर्ण Ve.4.
    -धारिणी a female elephant.
    -पत्रकः The lobe of the ear; Y.3.96.
    -पथः the range of hearing.
    -परम्परा from ear to ear, hearsay; इति कर्णपरंपरया श्रुतम् Ratn.1.
    -पर्वन् n. the eighth (i. e. Karṇa) section of the Mahābhārata.
    -पाकः inflammation of the outer ear.
    -पालिः, -ली f.
    1 the lobe of the ear.
    -2 the outer edge of the ear. (
    -ली) an ornament of the ear.
    -पाशः a beautiful ear; U.6.27.
    -पिशाची f. a type of goddess.
    -पुटम् the auditory passage of the ear.
    -पूरः 1 an ornament (of flowers &c.) worn round the ear, an ear-ring; इदं च करतलं किमिति कर्णपूरतामारोपितम् K.6. प्रचुरसमरशोभासुभ्रुवः कर्णपूरः Śiva. B.3.46.
    -2 the Aśoka tree.
    -3 the Śirīṣa tree.
    -4 the blue lotus.
    -पूरकः 1 an ear-ring.
    -2 the Kadamba tree.
    -3 the Aṣoka tree.
    -4 the blue lotus.
    -प्रणादः, -प्रतिनाहः a disease of the ear.
    -प्रान्तः the lobe of the ear.
    -फलः a kind of fish.
    -भूषणम्, -भूषा an ear-ornament.
    -मुकुरः an ear-ornament.
    -मूलम् the root of the ear; तं कर्णमूलमागत्य रामे श्रीर्न्यस्यतामिति R.12.2.
    -मोटी a form of Durgā.
    -योनि a. having the ear as a source. तस्य साध्वीरिषवो याभिरस्यति नृचक्षसो दृशये कर्णयोनयः Rv.2.24.8.
    -लता, -लतिका the lobe of the ear; मन्ये$मुना कर्णलतामयेन N.7.64.
    -वंशः a raised platform or dais of bamboo.
    -वर्जित a. earless. (
    -तः) a snake.
    -विवरम्, -छिद्रम्, -पुरम्, -रन्ध्रम् the auditory passage of the ear.
    -विष् f. ear-wax; Ms.5.135.
    -विषम् 'poisoning the ear', slandering, backbiting.
    -वेधः piercing the ears to put ear-rings on; a religi- ous ceremony (संस्कार).
    -वेधनी, -वेधनिका an instrument for piercing the ear.
    -वेष्टः, -वेष्टनम् an ear-ring; सुकृतौ कर्णवेष्टौ च Rām.5.15.42.
    -शष्कुली the outer part of the ear (leading to the auditory passage); AV.9.8.1. अवलम्बितकर्णशष्कुलीकलसीकं रचयन्नवोचत N.2.8.
    -शूलः, -लम् ear-ache.
    -श्रव a. audible, loud; कर्णश्रवे$- निले Ms.4.12.
    -श्रावः, -संश्रवः 'running of the ear', discharge of pus or ichorous matter from the ear.
    -सूः f. Kuntī, mother of Karṇa.
    -स्रोतस् n. excretion of the ear (कर्णमल) कर्णस्रोतोभवं चापि मधुं नाम महासुरम् Mb.6. 67.14.
    -हर्म्यम् a tower, a side-tower.
    -हीन a. earless. (
    -नः) a snake.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > कर्ण _karṇa

  • 8 ἐγκατατίθημι

    A lay or put in,

    <ἔν> τινι τι Orph.H.25.9

    ;

    Ἐριχθόνιον.. νηῷ ἐγκατέθηκε IG14.1389i

    i31.
    II Hom. only in [voice] Med., ἱμάντα τεῷ ἐγκάτθεο κόλπῳ put the band upon or round thy waist, Il.14.219, cf. 223; ἄτην ἑῷ ἐγκάτθετο θυμῷ stored up, devised mischief in his heart, Od.23.223; τελαμῶνα ἑῇ ἐγκάτθετο τέχνῃ stored up the belt in his art, designed it by his art, Od.11.614; σὺ ταῦτα τεῷ ἐνικάτθεο θυμῷ store it up in thy heart, Hes.Op.27;

    στέρνοις ἐγκατέθεντο Simon.85.5

    ;

    ὅκα φρεσὶν ἐγκατάθοιτο βουλάν Theoc.17.14

    ;

    γλυφίδας.. ἐνικάτθετο νευρῇ A.R.3.282

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐγκατατίθημι

  • 9 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 10 Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 27 April 1791 Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 2 April 1872 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    American portrait painter and inventor, b est known for his invention of the telegraph and so-called Morse code.
    [br]
    Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.
    With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    LLD, Yale 1846. Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 1849. Celebratory Banquet, New York, 1869. Statue in New York Central Park 1871. Austrian Gold Medal of Scientific Merit. Danish Knight of the Danneborg. French Légion d'honneur. Italian Knight of St Lazaro and Mauritio. Portuguese Knight of the Tower and Sword. Turkish Order of Glory.
    Bibliography
    E.L.Morse (ed.), 1975, Letters and Journals, New York: Da Capo Press (facsimile of a 1914 edition).
    Further Reading
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph (discusses his telegraphic work and its context).
    C.Mabee, 1943, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel Morse; reprinted 1969 (a detailed biography).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze

  • 11 технология

    2) Medicine: technic
    4) Engineering: approach, engineering, method, practice, procedure (технического обслуживания), process, process engineering, processing, set-up
    5) Construction: manufacturing process
    6) Railway term: production sequence
    8) Polygraphy: workflow
    9) Abbreviation: tech
    10) Electronics: photoresist technology
    11) Mechanics: production technique
    12) Coolers: technique
    13) Patents: techniques
    14) Drilling: hang
    15) Sakhalin energy glossary: proven
    17) Microelectronics: processing technique
    18) Network technologies: synchronous data compression
    19) Automation: manning, production method
    21) Makarov: fabrication route, know-how (совокупность методов обработки, изготовления), practice (метод, способ), process (метод, способ), process of production, production process, technology (метод, способ)
    22) Cement: machines

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технология

  • 12 artificialis

    I
    artificialis, artificiale ADJ
    II
    artificialis, artificiale ADJ
    furnished/contrived by art; devised by speaker (based on deduction)

    Latin-English dictionary > artificialis

  • 13 σοφίζω

    A make wise, instruct, LXX Ps.18(19).8;

    τινὰ εἰς σωτηρίαν 2 Ep.Ti.3.15

    .
    3 [voice] Med., teach oneself, learn, ἐσοφίσατο ὅτι.. he became aware that.., LXX 1 Ki.3.8.
    II [voice] Med. [full] σοφίζομαι, with [tense] aor. [voice] Med. and [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. (v. infr.), practise an art, Thgn.19, IG12.678; play subtle tricks, deal subtly, E.IA 744, D.18.227, etc.; οὐδὲν σοφιζόμεσθα τοῖσι δαίμοσι we use no subtleties in dealing with the gods, E.Ba. 200; to be scientific, speculate,

    περὶ τὸ ὄνομα Pl.R. 509d

    , cf. Plt. 299b, Muson.Fr.3p.12H., etc.; σοφιζόμενος φάναι to say rationalistically, Pl.Phdr. 229c; καίπερ οὕτω τούτου σεσοφισμένου though he has dealt thus craftily, D.29.28; σοφίσασθαι πρός τι to use fraud for an end, Plb.6.58.12; οἱ ἰητροὶ σοφιζόμενοι ἔστιν οἳ ἁμαρτάνουσι when they deal in subtleties, Hp.Fract. 1; οἱ μυθικῶς σοφ. Arist.Metaph. 1000a18, cf. HA 582a35, D.35.56; σ. πρὸς τὸν νόμον evade it, Plu.Dem.27.
    2 c. acc. rei, devise cleverly or skilfully, Hdt.2.66, 8.27, cf. 1.80;

    καινὰς ἰδέας σοφίζεσθαι Ar.Nu. 547

    ;

    χαρίεντα καὶ σοφά Id.Av. 1401

    ; ἀλλότρια ς. meddle with other men's craft, Id.Eq. 299; with internal acc., ἀνόητα ς. exercise one's skill without νοῦς, Pl.Hp.Ma. 283a, cf. X.Mem.1.2.46;

    ὅσα.. σοφίζονται πρὸς τὸν δῆμον Arist.Pol. 1297a14

    ; ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τοῦτο δεῖ σοφισθῆναι this is the very thing one must gain by craft, S.Ph.77; οἶνον ἀπὸ τῶν φοινίκων ς. make spurious wine, Philostr.VA2.6;

    πορφύραν παρὰ τῆς κόχλου Id.Her.19.15

    :—[voice] Pass., σεσοφισμένοι μῦθοι craftily devised, 2 Ep.Pet.1.16.
    b σ. νόμον evade it, Philostr.VA2.40, cf. Ael.VH2.41, Palaeph.50, OGI383.208 (Commagene, i B.C.).
    3 c. acc. pers., deceive,

    τὸν Τίτον J.BJ4.2.3

    ;

    μή με σοφίζου AP12.25

     (Stat. Flacc.);

    τὸν δῆμον Hdn.7.10.7

    ; also

    σ. τὴν αἴσθησιν Aret.SD 1.15

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σοφίζω

  • 14 σοφός

    σοφός, ή, όν,
    A skilled in any handicraft or art, clever, ἁρματηλάτας ς. Pi.P.5.115, cf. N.7.17;

    κυβερνήτης A.Supp. 770

    ;

    μάντις Id.Th. 382

    ;

    οἰωνοθέτας S.OT 484

     (lyr.); of a sculptor, E.Fr. 372; even of hedgers and ditchers, Margites Fr.2; but in this sense mostly of poets and musicians, Pi.O.1.9, P.1.42, 3.113; ἐν κιθάρᾳ ς. E.IT 1238 (lyr.), cf. Ar.Ra. 896 (lyr.), etc.; τὴν τέχνην -ώτερος ib. 766;

    περί τι Pl.Lg. 696c

    ; γλώσσῃ ς. S.Fr.88.10;

    σοφὸς ὁ πολλὰ εἰδὼς φυᾷ, μαθόντες δὲ λάβροι Pi.O.2.86

    .
    2 clever in practical matters, wise, prudent, ὁ χρήσιμ' εἰδώς, οὐχ ὁ πόλλ' εἰδώς, ς. A.Fr. 390; esp. statesmanlike, in which sense the seven Sages were so called, Dicaearch. ap.D.L.1.40: hence, shrewd, worldly-wise, Thgn.120, Pi.I.2.12, Hdt. 3.85;

    σ. ἄνδρες εἰσὶ Θεσσαλοὶ Id.7.130

    ;

    σ. παλαιστὴς.., ἀλλὰ χαἱ χαἱ σοφαὶ γνῶμαι.. ἐμποδίζονται S.Ph. 431

    , cf. 440, Aj. 1374; πολλὰ ς. A.Ag. 1295; ἃ δεῖ ς. E.Ba. 655 sq.;

    τῶν λεγομένων πονηρῶν μέν, σοφῶν δέ Pl. R. 519a

    : also

    σοφαὶ πραπίδες Pi.O.11(10).10

    ;

    φύσις Ar.V. 1282

    : even of animals, X.Cyn.3.7 ([comp] Comp.), 6.13 ([comp] Sup.);

    σ. πειθώ Pi.P.9.39

     codd. ( σοφοῖς Bgk.);

    εὐβουλία A.Pr. 1038

    : τὸ ς. my little trick, Pl.R. 502d; your clever notion, Id.Euthd. 293d; τἀπ' ἐμοῦ σοφά, δάκρυα my tears, all the resources that I have, E.IA 1214; εἰ δίκαια, τῶν σοφῶν κρείσσω τάδε better than all craft, S.Ph. 1246; σοφόν [ἐστι] c. inf., E. Hec. 228.
    b more generally, learned, wise,

    τὸ μὲν σ. [αὐτὸν] καλεῖν ἔμοιγε μέγα εἶναι δοκεῖ καὶ θεῷ μόνῳ πρέπειν Pl.Phdr. 278d

    , cf. 279c, Prt. 329e, Ap. 21a ([comp] Comp.), 22c ([comp] Sup.); opp. ἀμαθής, ib. 25d ([comp] Comp.); of sophists, ib. 20a, Prt. 309d, X.Mem.2.1.21, etc.; universally and ideally wise,

    ὁ σ., τουτέστιν ὁ τὴν τοῦ ἀληθοῦς ἐπιστήμην ἔχων Chrysipp.Stoic.2.42

    , cf. 3.167, al.: later σοφώτατος as a title, esp. of lawyers or professors, PIand.16.4 (v/vi A.D.), POxy.126.6 (vi A.D.).
    3 subtle, ingenious, opp. ἀμαθής ( 1445 ) and σαφής, Ar.Ra. 1434 (Adv.);

    σοφόν τοι τὸ σαφές, οὐ τὸ μὴ σαφές E.Or. 397

    ; τὸ σοφὸν οὐ σοφία wisdom overmuch is no wisdom, Id.Ba. 395 (lyr.); τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτο; οὐδὲν ποικίλον οὐδὲ σοφόν nothing curious or recondite, D.9.37.—For the senses of ς., v. Arist.EN 1141a10.—mostly abs., but c. acc. rei, E.Ba. 655, Pl.Phlb. 17c, etc.; also ἐν οἰωνοῖς, κιθάρᾳ, E. IT 662, 1238 (lyr.);

    εἴς τι Id.Fr. 162

     ([comp] Sup.); περί τι or τινος, Pl.Smp. 203a, Ap. 19c: rarely c. gen.,

    σοφὸς κακῶν A.Supp. 453

    : also c. inf., πῶς δῆτ' ἔγωγ' ἂν.. Διὸς γενοίμην εὖ φρονεῖν σοφώτερος; S.Fr.524.7.
    II of things, cleverly devised, wise,

    νόμος Hdt.1.196

     ([comp] Sup.); νοήματα, ἔπεα, Pi.O.7.72 ([comp] Sup.), P.4.138, etc.;

    γνῶμαι S.Aj. 1091

    ;

    νοῦς Id.El. 1016

    ; πάντα προσφέρων σοφά all wise sayings, Id.Fr. 763, cf. Ph. 1245;

    χρόνου τε διατριβὰς σοφωτάτας ἐφηῦρε Id.Fr. 479

    ;

    σοφώτερ' ἢ κατ' ἄνδρα συμβαλεῖν ἔπη E.Med. 675

    ;

    σ. φυγή Id.Supp. 151

    ; οὐδὲν σοφὸν εἶναι shows no great wisdom, Arist.EN 1137a10.
    III Adv. σοφῶς cleverly, wisely, etc., first (?) in S.(?)Fr. 1122; then in E.Alc. 699, Ba. 1271 codd., Heracl. 558, Ar.Ra. 1434, etc.: [comp] Comp.

    - ώτερον E. Hec. 1007

    : [comp] Sup.

    - ώτατα Id.Hel. 1528

    , Ar.Nu. 522:— σοφῶς, as an exclamation of applause, Plu.2.45f, Mart.3.46.8, etc. (Not in [dialect] Ep., exc. in Margites l.c. and as ancient v.l. (Eust.1023.14 ) in Il.23.712; but v. σοφία, σοφίζομαι.)

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σοφός

  • 15 Abney, William de Wiveleslie

    [br]
    b. 24 July 1843 England
    d. 2 December 1920 England
    [br]
    English photographic scientist, inventor and author.
    [br]
    Abney began his career as an officer in the Army and was an instructor in chemistry in the Royal Engineers at Chatham, where he made substantial use of photography as a working tool. He retired from the Army in 1877 and joined the Science and Art Department at South Kensington. It was at Abney's suggestion that a collection of photographic equipment and processes was established in the South Kensington Museum (later to become the Science Museum Photography Collection).
    Abney undertook significant researches into the nature of gelatine silver halide emulsions at a time when they were being widely adopted by photographers. Perhaps his most important practical innovations were the introduction of hydroquinone as a developing agent in 1880 and silver gelatine citrochloride emulsions for printing-out paper (POP) in 1882. However, Abney was at the forefront of many aspects of photographic research during a period of great innovation and change in photography. He devised new techniques of photomechanical printing and conducted significant researches in the fields of photochemistry and spectral analysis. Abney published throughout his career for both the specialist scientist and the more general photographic practitioner.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    KCB 1900. FRS 1877. Served at different times as President of the Royal Astronomical, Royal Photographic and Physical Societies. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1921, Proceedings of the Royal Society (Series A) 99. J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstein, New York.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Abney, William de Wiveleslie

  • 16 Bayard, Hippolyte

    [br]
    b. 1801 Breteuil-sur-Noye, France d. 1887
    [br]
    French photographer, inventor of an early direct positive paper process.
    [br]
    Educated as a notary's clerk, Bayard began his working life in Paris in the Ministry of Finance. His interest in art led him to investigations into the chemical action of light, and he began his experiments in 1837. In May 1839 Bayard described an original photographic process which produced direct positive images on paper. It was devised independently of Talbot and before details of Daguerre's process had been published. During the same period, similar techniques were announced by other investigators and Bayard became involved in a series of priority disputes. Bayard's photographs were well received when first exhibited, and examples survive to the present day. Because the process required long exposure times it was rarely practised, but Bayard is generally credited with being an independent inventor of photography.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1840, Comptes rendus (24 February): 337 (the first published details of Bayard's process).
    Further Reading
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Bayard, Hippolyte

  • 17 Benton, Linn Boyd

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 13 May 1844 Little Falls, New York, USA
    d. 15 July 1932 Plainfield, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American typefounder, cutter and designer, inventor of the automatic punch-cutting machine.
    [br]
    Benton spent his childhood in Milwaukee and La Crosse, where he early showed a talent for mechanical invention. His father was a lawyer with an interest in newspapers and who acquired the Milwaukee Daily News. Benton became familiar with typesetting equipment in his father's newspaper office. He learned the printer's trade at another newspaper office, at La Crosse, and later worked as bookkeeper at a type foundry in Milwaukee. When that failed in 1873, Benton acquired the plant, and when he was joined by R.V.Waldo the firm became Benton, Waldo \& Co. Benton began learning and improving type-cutting practice. He first devised unit-width or "self-spacing" type which became popular with compositors, saving, it was reckoned, 20 per cent of their time. Meanwhile, Benton worked on a punch-cutting machine to speed up the process of cutting letters in the steel punches from which matrices or moulds were formed to enable type to be cast from molten metal. His first mechanical punch-cutter worked successfully in 1884. The third machine, patented in 1885, was the model that revolutionized the typefounding operation. So far, punch-cutting had been done by hand, a rare and expensive skill that was insufficient to meet the demands of the new typesetting machines, the monotype of Lanston and the linotype of Merganthaler. These were threatened with failure until Benton saved the day with his automatic punch-cutter. Mechanizing punch-cutting and the forming of matrices made possible the typesetting revolution brought about by mono-and linotype.
    In 1892 Benton's firm merged with others to form the American Type Founders Company. Benton's equipment was moved to New York and he with it, to become a board member and Chief Technical Advisor. In 1894 he became Manager of the company's new plant for type manufacture in Jersey City. Benton steadily improved both machinery and processes, for which he was granted twenty patents. With his son Morris Fuller, he was also notable and prolific in the field of type design. Benton remained in active association with his company until just two weeks before his death.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1932, Inland Printer (August): 53–4.
    P.Cost, 1985, "The contributions of Lyn [sic] Boyd Benton and Morris Fuller Benton to the technology of typesetting and the art of typeface design", unpublished MSc thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology (the most thorough treatment).
    H.L.Bullen, 1922, Inland Printer (October) (describes Benton's life and work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Benton, Linn Boyd

  • 18 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

    [br]
    b. 2 August 1802 Lille, France
    d. 28 April 1872 Lille, France
    [br]
    French photographer, photographic innovator and entrepreneur.
    [br]
    After beginning his working life in a tobacco company, Blanquart-Evrard became Laboratory Assistant to a chemist. He also became interested in painting on ivory and porcelain, foreshadowing a life-long interest in science and art. Following his marriage to the daughter of a textile merchant, Blanquart-Evrard became a partner in the family business in Lyon. During the 1840s he became interested in Talbot's calotype process and found that by applying gallic acid alone, as a developing agent after exposure, the exposure time could be shorter and the resulting image clearer. Blanquart-Evrard recognized that his process was well suited to producing positive prints in large numbers. During 1851 and 1852, in association with an artist friend, he became involved in producing quantities of prints for book illustrations. In 1849 he had announced a glass negative process similar to that devised two years earlier by Niepcc de St Victor. The carrying agent for silver salts was albumen, and more far-reaching was his albumen-coated printing-out paper announced in 1850. Albumen printing paper was widely adopted and the vast majority of photographs made in the nineteenth century were printed in this form. In 1870 Blanquart-Evrard began an association with the pioneer colour photographer Ducos du Hauron with a view to opening a three-colour printing establishment. Unfortunately plans were delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, and Blanquart-Evrard died in 1872 before the project could be brought to fruition.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1851, Traité de photographie sur papier, Paris (provides details of his improvements to Talbot's process).
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstein, New York.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

  • 19 Cowper, Edward Alfred

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 10 December 1819 London, England
    d. 9 May 1893 Weybridge, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the hot-blast stove used in ironmaking.
    [br]
    Cowper was apprenticed in 1834 to John Braithwaite of London and in 1846 obtained employment at the engineers Fox \& Henderson in Birmingham. In 1851 he was engaged in the contract drawings for the Crystal Palace housing the Great Exhibition, and in the same year he set up in London as a consulting engineer. Cowper designed the 211 ft (64.3 m) span roof of Birmingham railway station, the first large-span station roof to be constructed. Cowper had an inventive turn of mind. While still an apprentice, he devised the well-known railway fog-signal and, at Fox \& Henderson, he invented an improved method of casting railway chairs. Other inventions included a compound steam-engine with receiver, patented in 1857; a bicycle wheel with steel spokes and rubber tyre (1868); and an electric writing telegraph (1879). Cowper's most important invention by far was the hot-blast stove, the first application of C.W. Siemens's regenerative principle to ironmaking, patented in 1857. Waste gases from the blast furnace were burnt in an iron chamber lined with a honeycomb of firebricks. When they were hot, the gas was directed to a second similar chamber while the incoming air blast for the blast furnace was heated by passing it through the first chamber. The stoves alternatively received and gave up heat and the heated blast, introduced by J.B. Neilson, led to considerable fuel economies in blast-furnace operation; the system is still in use. Cowper played an active part in the engineering institutions of his time, becoming President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1880–1. He was commissioned by the Science and Art Department to catalogue the collections of machinery and inventions at the South Kensington Museum, whose science collections now form the Science Museum, London.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1880–1.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1893, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 172–3, London.
    W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 42, 75 (describes his hot-blast stoves).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cowper, Edward Alfred

  • 20 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé

    [br]
    b. 18 November 1787 Carmeilles-en-Parisis, France
    d. 10 July 1851 Petit-Bry-sur-Marne, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the first practicable photographic process.
    [br]
    The son of a minor official in a magistrate's court, Daguerre showed an early aptitude for drawing. He was first apprenticed to an architect, but in 1804 he moved to Paris to learn the art of stage design. He was particularly interested in perspective and lighting, and later showed great ingenuity in lighting stage sets. Fascinated by a popular form of entertainment of the period, the panorama, he went on to create a variant of it called the diorama. It is assumed that he used a camera obscura for perspective drawings and, by purchasing it from the optician Chevalier, he made contact with Joseph Nicéphore Niepce. In 1829 Niepce and Daguerre entered into a formal partnership to perfect Niepce's heliographic process, but the partnership was dissolved when Niepce died in 1833, when only limited progress had been made. Daguerre continued experimenting alone, however, using iodine and silver plates; by 1837 he had discovered that images formed in the camera obscura could be developed by mercury vapour and fixed with a hot salt solution. After unsuccessfully attempting to sell his process, Daguerre approached F.J.D. Arago, of the Académie des Sciences, who announced the discovery in 1839. Details of Daguerre's work were not published until August of that year when the process was presented free to the world, except England. With considerable business acumen, Daguerre had quietly patented the process through an agent, Miles Berry, in London a few days earlier. He also granted a monopoly to make and sell his camera to a Monsieur Giroux, a stationer by trade who happened to be a relation of Daguerre's wife. The daguerreotype process caused a sensation when announced. Daguerre was granted a pension by a grateful government and honours were showered upon him all over the world. It was a direct positive process on silvered copper plates and, in fact, proved to be a technological dead end. The future was to lie with negative-positive photography devised by Daguerre's British contemporary, W.H.F. Talbot, although Daguerre's was the first practicable photographic process to be announced. It captured the public's imagination and in an improved form was to dominate professional photographic practice for more than a decade.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1839. Honorary FRS 1839. Honorary Fellow of the National Academy of Design, New York, 1839. Honorary Fellow of the Vienna Academy 1843. Pour le Mérite, bestowed by Frederick William IV of Prussia, 1843.
    Bibliography
    14 August 1839, British patent no. 8,194 (daguerrotype photographic process).
    The announcement and details of Daguerre's invention were published in both serious and popular English journals. See, for example, 1839 publications of Athenaeum, Literary Gazette, Magazine of Science and Mechanics Magazine.
    Further Reading
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1956, L.J.M. Daguerre (the standard account of Daguerre's work).
    —1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a very full account).
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (a very full account).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé

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